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greetings citizens and welcome to

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[Music]

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i'm jason mcclellan thanks for hanging

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out with me

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i don't know about you but i'm

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tremendously fascinated by the subject

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of space law

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the issues of who controls space what

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laws govern space

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who enforces those laws and how would

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they even go about doing that

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and how would earth impose laws work in

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space and on

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alien worlds anyway especially in a

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situation where extraterrestrial

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civilizations enter the equation

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let's spend some time today exploring

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[Music]

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i love exploring ufos and

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extraterrestrial life

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but as a space geek i also enjoy

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pondering

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other related space issues and space law

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is one of those

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issues that has fascinated me for years

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i wrote an article about this topic for

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open minds magazine back in 2013.

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i've also talked about it on a couple

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different shows over the years

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but some recent news related to the

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subject of space law

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enticed me to want to talk about it for

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a little bit today with you

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we'll talk about that news in a bit but

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first let's take a quick glance at space

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law overall

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space law is a developing topic that's

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certainly gained momentum

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in the past decade during this modern

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space race we're in

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we have several private companies

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looking to profit from space in various

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ways

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laws regulating businesses here on earth

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are plentiful

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but what about in space well

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laws regulating space activities do

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exist

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but these laws are fairly new and very

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little about these laws

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has been universally established

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regarding their scope or application

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there's also ambiguity about who must

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obey these laws

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with private companies pushing forward

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with plans like placing structures on

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celestial bodies

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and mining asteroids for resources these

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activities certainly raise new legal

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issues and concerns

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but lawmakers have been debating space

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law for decades

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the 1967 treaty on principles governing

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the activities of states in the

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exploration and use of outer space

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including the moon and other celestial

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bodies commonly referred to as the outer

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space treaty

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is the foundation of existing space law

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although other space treaties exist the

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outer space treaty is the most

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important in his book the privatization

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of space exploration

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george washington university law school

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professor louis d solomon explains

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quote more than 100 nations including

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the united states

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have signed the 1967 outer space treaty

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far more than any other space-related

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treaty end quote

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and therefore quote all space activities

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whether public or private

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must be considered in light of the outer

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space treaty end quote the united

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nations office of outer space affairs or

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unoosa is the quote secretariat for the

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legal subcommittee of the united nations

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committee on the peaceful uses of outer

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space or copuos

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which is the primary international forum

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for the development of laws and

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principles governing outer space

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end quote here's how the unoosa

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describes the outer space treaty

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the outer space treaty provides the

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basic framework on international space

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law

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including the following principles the

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exploration and use of outer space

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shall be carried out for the benefit and

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in the interests of

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all countries and shall be the

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providence of all mankind

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outer space shall be free for

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exploration and use by all states

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outer space is not subject to national

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appropriation by claims of sovereignty

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by means of use or occupation or by any

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other means

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states shall not place nuclear weapons

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or other weapons of mass destruction

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in orbit or on celestial bodies or

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station them in outer space in any other

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manner

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the moon and other celestial bodies

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shall be used exclusively

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for peaceful purposes astronauts shall

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be regarded as the envoys of mankind

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states shall be responsible for national

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space activities

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where they're carried out by

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governmental or non-governmental

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entities

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states shall be liable for damage caused

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by their space objects

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and states shall avoid harmful

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contamination of space

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and celestial bodies this

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straightforward framework

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sounds pretty restrictive when it comes

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to business in space

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let's talk about property ownership in

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space and see if that fits within these

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existing legal parameters

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governments and private companies have

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expressed interest in establishing bases

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and even colonies on the moon and on

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mars

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one notable example of this is the now

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defunct non-profit company mars one

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which planned to colonize mars their

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aggressive timeline had them

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establishing a permanent human

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settlement

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on mars in 2023 things didn't work out

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so well for the company

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and it declared bankruptcy and

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liquidated its assets back in 2019

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but before that happened the company had

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these grand plans

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and its website proudly claimed that

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quote the mars one foundation will

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own the mars settlement end quote

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had this colony gone forward would that

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have actually been the case

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legally article two of the outer space

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treaty states

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quote outer space including the moon and

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other celestial bodies

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is not subject to national appropriation

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by claims of sovereignty

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by means of use or occupation or by any

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other means

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end quote there are some who strictly

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interpret this provision

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to mean that although governments can't

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claim property rights

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private companies may indeed claim

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ownership

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but when we look at article six of the

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outer space treaty

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it lays out that quote state parties to

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the treaty

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shall bear international responsibility

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for national activities in outer space

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including the moon and other celestial

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bodies whether such activities are

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carried on

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by governmental agencies or by

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non-governmental agencies

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and for assuring that national

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activities are carried out

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in conformity with the provisions set

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forth in the present treaty

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the activities of non-governmental

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entities in outer space

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including the moon and other celestial

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bodies shall require authorization and

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continuing supervision

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by the appropriate state party to the

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treaty end quote

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it seems like those who argue that the

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outer space treaty doesn't regulate the

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activities of private companies

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overlook the importance of article six

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addressing this issue

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in his book the development of outer

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space sovereignty and property rights in

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international space law

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thomas gengale the executive director of

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aerospace think tank ops alaska

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cites lawrence a cooper an attorney

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specializing in space law who states

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quote

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some have argued that the outer space

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treaty's broad definitions

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allow individual appropriation of space

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and celestial bodies

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because it only specifically prohibits

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appropriation by states

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however states are responsible for the

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actions of individuals

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and property claims must occur through

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the state's property laws

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therefore individuals may not claim

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space or celestial bodies end quote

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this essentially means that all parties

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in space are bound by the outer space

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treaty

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the government binds their citizens

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through

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laws and other means so how does this

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affect a company planning to

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own a settlement or a base on another

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world like mars one plan to do on mars

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using the outer space treaty there's a

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strong argument that these companies

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have

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no legal claim to the alien land where

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they place their structures

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but they would however retain the

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property rights

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of whatever material that company

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launches into space

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article 8 of the outer space treaty

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addresses this stating

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quote a state party to the treaty on

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whose registry an object launches into

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outer space is carried

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shall retain jurisdiction and control

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over such object

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and over any personnel thereof while in

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outer space or on a celestial body

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ownership of objects launch into outer

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space

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including objects landed or constructed

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on a celestial body

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and of their component parts is not

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affected by their presence in outer

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space

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or on a celestial body or by their

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return to the earth

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in quote that explains that a company

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will retain

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ownership of habitats storage units or

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any other equipment used for a colony or

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a base

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but as article 8 explains companies are

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required to register

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all its equipment and proposed

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activities with a country before

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launching into space

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and that country is responsible for

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ensuring the company adheres to the

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outer space treaty

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so following what's laid out in the

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outer space treaty

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private companies technically retain

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ownership of physical structures and

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other property in space

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but there's a catch the outer space

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treaty suggests

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that all astronauts can freely use and

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access

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structures vehicles and other equipment

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on other worlds article 12 details

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quote all stations installations

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equipment

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and space vehicles on the moon and other

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celestial bodies shall be open to

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representatives of other state parties

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to the treaty

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on a basis of reciprocity end quote

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i'm not sure how that would work

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especially from a commercial perspective

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let's look at a different angle of this

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discussion that's related to property

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ownership in space

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and that's the legality of mining and

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owning natural resources in space

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this was an actively hot topic eight or

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so years ago

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companies like planetary resources and

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deep space industries

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00:10:14,230 --> 00:10:12,320
neither of which exist anymore we're

296
00:10:16,310 --> 00:10:14,240
boldly pushing forward with plans to

297
00:10:18,150 --> 00:10:16,320
mine resources from asteroids

298
00:10:19,509 --> 00:10:18,160
and space mining remains a business

299
00:10:20,470 --> 00:10:19,519
activity of interest to several

300
00:10:23,110 --> 00:10:20,480
companies

301
00:10:24,790 --> 00:10:23,120
including amazon ceo jeff bezos space

302
00:10:26,710 --> 00:10:24,800
firm blue origin

303
00:10:28,710 --> 00:10:26,720
but regardless of whether we're talking

304
00:10:29,590 --> 00:10:28,720
about mining asteroids or mining the

305
00:10:32,230 --> 00:10:29,600
moon

306
00:10:34,230 --> 00:10:32,240
these are celestial bodies and therefore

307
00:10:36,310 --> 00:10:34,240
they fall under the outer space treaty's

308
00:10:38,150 --> 00:10:36,320
prohibition of ownership

309
00:10:39,829 --> 00:10:38,160
but in these cases we're concerned with

310
00:10:42,310 --> 00:10:39,839
the ownership of resources

311
00:10:43,829 --> 00:10:42,320
extracted from these celestial bodies so

312
00:10:45,829 --> 00:10:43,839
how does that work

313
00:10:48,230 --> 00:10:45,839
referring back to lewis d solomon's book

314
00:10:50,550 --> 00:10:48,240
the privatization of space exploration

315
00:10:52,470 --> 00:10:50,560
he explains that quote although it may

316
00:10:53,430 --> 00:10:52,480
be argued that resources on the moon or

317
00:10:55,430 --> 00:10:53,440
an asteroid

318
00:10:57,030 --> 00:10:55,440
are part of the land surface and cannot

319
00:10:58,949 --> 00:10:57,040
be treated separately from it

320
00:11:01,110 --> 00:10:58,959
thereby barring private entities from

321
00:11:03,350 --> 00:11:01,120
claiming ownership of mineral resources

322
00:11:05,110 --> 00:11:03,360
in place once mined from a space

323
00:11:05,750 --> 00:11:05,120
facility and its accompanying safety

324
00:11:08,150 --> 00:11:05,760
zone

325
00:11:09,670 --> 00:11:08,160
these resources seemingly become subject

326
00:11:12,550 --> 00:11:09,680
to private ownership

327
00:11:14,150 --> 00:11:12,560
end quote thomas gengale adds quote the

328
00:11:17,110 --> 00:11:14,160
outer space treaty does not

329
00:11:19,269 --> 00:11:17,120
forbid in-situ resource utilization

330
00:11:21,110 --> 00:11:19,279
space is treated like a commons

331
00:11:22,550 --> 00:11:21,120
astronauts have brought home space rocks

332
00:11:24,150 --> 00:11:22,560
and taken title to them

333
00:11:26,949 --> 00:11:24,160
if you want resources on mars or the

334
00:11:29,269 --> 00:11:26,959
moon take them end quote

335
00:11:31,590 --> 00:11:29,279
that's an interesting approach well

336
00:11:33,509 --> 00:11:31,600
proponents of private resource ownership

337
00:11:34,150 --> 00:11:33,519
often cite article 1 of the outer space

338
00:11:35,829 --> 00:11:34,160
treaty

339
00:11:37,509 --> 00:11:35,839
which states that asteroids and other

340
00:11:39,910 --> 00:11:37,519
celestial bodies quote

341
00:11:41,030 --> 00:11:39,920
shall be free for exploration and use

342
00:11:44,230 --> 00:11:41,040
end quote

343
00:11:46,069 --> 00:11:44,240
okay that's cool but article 1

344
00:11:47,590 --> 00:11:46,079
also poses potential problems for

345
00:11:50,230 --> 00:11:47,600
resource ownership

346
00:11:51,350 --> 00:11:50,240
it adds that quote exploration and use

347
00:11:52,710 --> 00:11:51,360
of outer space

348
00:11:54,389 --> 00:11:52,720
including the moon and other celestial

349
00:11:56,470 --> 00:11:54,399
bodies shall be carried out

350
00:11:58,710 --> 00:11:56,480
for the benefit and in the interest of

351
00:12:00,949 --> 00:11:58,720
all countries in quote

352
00:12:02,870 --> 00:12:00,959
it's kind of difficult to argue how a

353
00:12:03,990 --> 00:12:02,880
private company's mining of resources

354
00:12:06,790 --> 00:12:04,000
for profit

355
00:12:08,550 --> 00:12:06,800
fits the spirit of quote for the benefit

356
00:12:11,670 --> 00:12:08,560
and in the interest of all countries

357
00:12:12,150 --> 00:12:11,680
end quote as you can see the outer space

358
00:12:14,389 --> 00:12:12,160
treaty

359
00:12:16,470 --> 00:12:14,399
lays some groundwork for space law but

360
00:12:18,629 --> 00:12:16,480
there are plenty of ambiguities

361
00:12:20,389 --> 00:12:18,639
and it wasn't really written with

362
00:12:22,230 --> 00:12:20,399
business in mind

363
00:12:23,509 --> 00:12:22,240
the agreement governing the activities

364
00:12:26,069 --> 00:12:23,519
of states on the moon

365
00:12:28,389 --> 00:12:26,079
and other celestial bodies referred to

366
00:12:30,310 --> 00:12:28,399
as the moon agreement of 1979

367
00:12:31,750 --> 00:12:30,320
was an attempt to address issues like

368
00:12:32,470 --> 00:12:31,760
questions pertaining to resource

369
00:12:34,150 --> 00:12:32,480
ownership

370
00:12:36,389 --> 00:12:34,160
the moon agreement makes the issue very

371
00:12:38,790 --> 00:12:36,399
clear it explicitly states

372
00:12:40,230 --> 00:12:38,800
quote neither the surface nor the

373
00:12:42,389 --> 00:12:40,240
subsurface of the moon

374
00:12:43,750 --> 00:12:42,399
nor any part thereof of natural

375
00:12:46,470 --> 00:12:43,760
resources in place

376
00:12:48,470 --> 00:12:46,480
shall become property of any state

377
00:12:50,310 --> 00:12:48,480
international intergovernmental or

378
00:12:53,590 --> 00:12:50,320
non-governmental entity

379
00:12:55,990 --> 00:12:53,600
or of any natural person end quote

380
00:12:57,750 --> 00:12:56,000
although this is considerably clear on

381
00:12:59,030 --> 00:12:57,760
the issue of resource ownership than the

382
00:13:01,269 --> 00:12:59,040
outer space treaty

383
00:13:02,470 --> 00:13:01,279
the moon agreement is for all intents

384
00:13:04,710 --> 00:13:02,480
and purposes

385
00:13:06,710 --> 00:13:04,720
completely irrelevant with respect to

386
00:13:08,710 --> 00:13:06,720
accepted space law

387
00:13:09,829 --> 00:13:08,720
unfortunately it's considered a failed

388
00:13:12,389 --> 00:13:09,839
treaty

389
00:13:13,509 --> 00:13:12,399
only 13 nations ratified it and none of

390
00:13:15,750 --> 00:13:13,519
those nations

391
00:13:17,509 --> 00:13:15,760
are engaged in manned space exploration

392
00:13:20,150 --> 00:13:17,519
so nobody takes it seriously

393
00:13:21,750 --> 00:13:20,160
and not surprisingly various countries

394
00:13:23,990 --> 00:13:21,760
have taken it upon themselves

395
00:13:24,870 --> 00:13:24,000
to create their own laws to suit their

396
00:13:28,230 --> 00:13:24,880
own needs

397
00:13:29,990 --> 00:13:28,240
and justify their actions in 2015

398
00:13:31,350 --> 00:13:30,000
the u.s commercial space launch

399
00:13:33,190 --> 00:13:31,360
competitiveness act

400
00:13:35,030 --> 00:13:33,200
also referred to as the space act was

401
00:13:36,949 --> 00:13:35,040
signed into law in the united states by

402
00:13:38,949 --> 00:13:36,959
president barack obama

403
00:13:40,629 --> 00:13:38,959
this bill was intended to expedite

404
00:13:42,470 --> 00:13:40,639
private space exploration

405
00:13:45,030 --> 00:13:42,480
and it specifically mentions space

406
00:13:47,269 --> 00:13:45,040
mining some believe the space act

407
00:13:49,509 --> 00:13:47,279
resolves the existing legal ambiguities

408
00:13:50,870 --> 00:13:49,519
and clears the way for companies to mine

409
00:13:53,430 --> 00:13:50,880
space resources

410
00:13:54,790 --> 00:13:53,440
title iv the space act states quote a

411
00:13:56,790 --> 00:13:54,800
united states citizen

412
00:13:58,310 --> 00:13:56,800
engaged in commercial recovery of an

413
00:14:00,870 --> 00:13:58,320
asteroid resource

414
00:14:01,990 --> 00:14:00,880
or a space resource under this chapter

415
00:14:04,389 --> 00:14:02,000
shall be entitled to any

416
00:14:05,269 --> 00:14:04,399
asteroid resource or space resource

417
00:14:08,790 --> 00:14:05,279
obtained

418
00:14:11,189 --> 00:14:08,800
including to possess own transport use

419
00:14:12,949 --> 00:14:11,199
and sell the asteroid resource or space

420
00:14:13,990 --> 00:14:12,959
resource obtained in accordance with

421
00:14:15,670 --> 00:14:14,000
applicable law

422
00:14:17,269 --> 00:14:15,680
including the international obligations

423
00:14:19,269 --> 00:14:17,279
of the united states end quote

424
00:14:21,030 --> 00:14:19,279
but the wall street journal's law blog

425
00:14:23,110 --> 00:14:21,040
pointed out that this legislation

426
00:14:24,069 --> 00:14:23,120
quote met with some questions about

427
00:14:25,750 --> 00:14:24,079
whether congress

428
00:14:27,829 --> 00:14:25,760
and the president have the authority to

429
00:14:28,230 --> 00:14:27,839
assign such rights under international

430
00:14:31,829 --> 00:14:28,240
law

431
00:14:33,670 --> 00:14:31,839
end quote similarly in 2017

432
00:14:35,350 --> 00:14:33,680
the small european country of luxembourg

433
00:14:37,110 --> 00:14:35,360
drafted its own legal framework

434
00:14:38,470 --> 00:14:37,120
addressing private property rights to

435
00:14:40,310 --> 00:14:38,480
space resources

436
00:14:42,629 --> 00:14:40,320
but even the luxembourg council of state

437
00:14:44,150 --> 00:14:42,639
recognizes that it's unclear whether

438
00:14:46,550 --> 00:14:44,160
international space law

439
00:14:49,110 --> 00:14:46,560
allows for a country to grant rights to

440
00:14:51,430 --> 00:14:49,120
natural resources mined in space

441
00:14:52,790 --> 00:14:51,440
in april of 2020 the united states made

442
00:14:54,710 --> 00:14:52,800
another independent move

443
00:14:57,430 --> 00:14:54,720
in an attempt to further justify

444
00:14:59,030 --> 00:14:57,440
american mining of space resources

445
00:15:01,910 --> 00:14:59,040
president donald trump signed an

446
00:15:03,590 --> 00:15:01,920
executive order boldly asserting quote

447
00:15:05,750 --> 00:15:03,600
americans should have the right to

448
00:15:08,069 --> 00:15:05,760
engage in commercial exploration

449
00:15:08,790 --> 00:15:08,079
recovery and use of resources in outer

450
00:15:11,269 --> 00:15:08,800
space

451
00:15:11,990 --> 00:15:11,279
consistent with applicable law outer

452
00:15:14,550 --> 00:15:12,000
space is

453
00:15:15,910 --> 00:15:14,560
a legally and physically unique domain

454
00:15:18,230 --> 00:15:15,920
of human activity

455
00:15:19,750 --> 00:15:18,240
and the united states does not view it

456
00:15:23,590 --> 00:15:19,760
as a global commons

457
00:15:25,829 --> 00:15:23,600
end quote space law is a mess

458
00:15:27,030 --> 00:15:25,839
space is kind of like the wild west and

459
00:15:29,749 --> 00:15:27,040
private companies are

460
00:15:31,430 --> 00:15:29,759
itching to join the space gold rush

461
00:15:32,470 --> 00:15:31,440
while there is some semblance of space

462
00:15:34,550 --> 00:15:32,480
law in place

463
00:15:35,829 --> 00:15:34,560
this legal framework was formulated back

464
00:15:37,590 --> 00:15:35,839
in the 1960s

465
00:15:39,350 --> 00:15:37,600
when most space activities were thought

466
00:15:42,629 --> 00:15:39,360
of as far off

467
00:15:44,550 --> 00:15:42,639
unrealistic science fiction dreams

468
00:15:46,870 --> 00:15:44,560
the outer space treaty is more than 50

469
00:15:49,030 --> 00:15:46,880
years old and critics have repeatedly

470
00:15:51,350 --> 00:15:49,040
pointed out the necessity for lawmakers

471
00:15:52,550 --> 00:15:51,360
to revisit the treaty to modify and

472
00:15:55,030 --> 00:15:52,560
expand the framework

473
00:15:57,110 --> 00:15:55,040
for modern space law making it fit this

474
00:16:00,069 --> 00:15:57,120
new space age we live in

475
00:16:01,990 --> 00:16:00,079
and it looks like maybe things are

476
00:16:04,389 --> 00:16:02,000
moving in that direction

477
00:16:06,470 --> 00:16:04,399
on august 24th of this year canadian

478
00:16:07,269 --> 00:16:06,480
media outlet the globe and mail reported

479
00:16:09,670 --> 00:16:07,279
that quote

480
00:16:11,670 --> 00:16:09,680
a canadian-led effort endorsed by more

481
00:16:14,150 --> 00:16:11,680
than 140 scientists

482
00:16:15,910 --> 00:16:14,160
former politicians and diplomats is

483
00:16:17,749 --> 00:16:15,920
asking the united nations

484
00:16:19,110 --> 00:16:17,759
to take the lead on drafting an

485
00:16:21,030 --> 00:16:19,120
international treaty

486
00:16:23,189 --> 00:16:21,040
that would set uniform rules for mining

487
00:16:25,189 --> 00:16:23,199
in space end quote

488
00:16:26,870 --> 00:16:25,199
the outer space institute is the driving

489
00:16:28,790 --> 00:16:26,880
force behind this effort

490
00:16:31,030 --> 00:16:28,800
and aside from having a pretty sweet

491
00:16:32,790 --> 00:16:31,040
name the outer space institute

492
00:16:34,310 --> 00:16:32,800
is a canadian-based international

493
00:16:37,189 --> 00:16:34,320
institute dedicated to space

494
00:16:39,110 --> 00:16:37,199
studies it's the issue of individual

495
00:16:40,790 --> 00:16:39,120
countries making up their own laws

496
00:16:43,189 --> 00:16:40,800
related to space resources

497
00:16:44,629 --> 00:16:43,199
that really prompted this initiative the

498
00:16:46,870 --> 00:16:44,639
globe and mail explains

499
00:16:48,150 --> 00:16:46,880
quote signatories to the request for the

500
00:16:49,910 --> 00:16:48,160
un to intervene

501
00:16:51,269 --> 00:16:49,920
believe space must be regulated

502
00:16:54,150 --> 00:16:51,279
internationally

503
00:16:55,189 --> 00:16:54,160
similarly to antarctica or the world

504
00:16:57,910 --> 00:16:55,199
seabeds

505
00:16:58,790 --> 00:16:57,920
and all countries including non-space

506
00:17:01,110 --> 00:16:58,800
faring ones

507
00:17:02,470 --> 00:17:01,120
get a say in decision making the

508
00:17:04,150 --> 00:17:02,480
alternative they warned could be a

509
00:17:04,789 --> 00:17:04,160
splintered approach where companies

510
00:17:07,029 --> 00:17:04,799
conduct

511
00:17:07,829 --> 00:17:07,039
flag of convenience resource extraction

512
00:17:09,829 --> 00:17:07,839
in space

513
00:17:12,470 --> 00:17:09,839
under whichever country has the least

514
00:17:14,549 --> 00:17:12,480
onerous rules end quote

515
00:17:15,909 --> 00:17:14,559
will anything come of this we'll just

516
00:17:18,789 --> 00:17:15,919
have to wait and see

517
00:17:19,909 --> 00:17:18,799
i sure hope so space law needs lots of

518
00:17:21,990 --> 00:17:19,919
attention

519
00:17:24,390 --> 00:17:22,000
again space is like the wild west right

520
00:17:25,270 --> 00:17:24,400
now i fully expect that several

521
00:17:27,350 --> 00:17:25,280
companies

522
00:17:29,350 --> 00:17:27,360
and or nations will push forward with

523
00:17:31,430 --> 00:17:29,360
space mining efforts despite legal

524
00:17:33,029 --> 00:17:31,440
ambiguities or objections from other

525
00:17:35,830 --> 00:17:33,039
space-faring countries

526
00:17:38,230 --> 00:17:35,840
because really who's going to enforce

527
00:17:40,390 --> 00:17:38,240
these debatable space laws anyway

528
00:17:42,830 --> 00:17:40,400
and of course these laws would be

529
00:17:45,029 --> 00:17:42,840
trivial if it becomes clear that

530
00:17:45,990 --> 00:17:45,039
extraterrestrials own an asteroid or

531
00:17:49,350 --> 00:17:46,000
some other celestial

532
00:17:50,070 --> 00:17:49,360
body take mars for example if the united

533
00:17:52,470 --> 00:17:50,080
states

534
00:17:53,990 --> 00:17:52,480
or even a u.s company establishes a

535
00:17:55,990 --> 00:17:54,000
colony on mars

536
00:17:57,270 --> 00:17:56,000
then is later approached by a

537
00:17:58,470 --> 00:17:57,280
representative from a martian

538
00:18:00,470 --> 00:17:58,480
civilization

539
00:18:01,590 --> 00:18:00,480
who announced that they are laying claim

540
00:18:04,230 --> 00:18:01,600
to the colony

541
00:18:06,470 --> 00:18:04,240
because it's on their land what rights

542
00:18:09,270 --> 00:18:06,480
should these u.s colonists have

543
00:18:09,909 --> 00:18:09,280
well first of all under current space

544
00:18:12,470 --> 00:18:09,919
law

545
00:18:13,190 --> 00:18:12,480
the colonists are obligated to inform

546
00:18:15,430 --> 00:18:13,200
the un

547
00:18:16,870 --> 00:18:15,440
about the extraterrestrials and about

548
00:18:18,789 --> 00:18:16,880
the incident

549
00:18:20,950 --> 00:18:18,799
attorney susan simpson explains on the

550
00:18:23,510 --> 00:18:20,960
website the view from ll-2

551
00:18:23,990 --> 00:18:23,520
that under article 11 of the outer space

552
00:18:25,270 --> 00:18:24,000
treaty

553
00:18:27,590 --> 00:18:25,280
a colony like this would have an

554
00:18:27,990 --> 00:18:27,600
obligation to inform the secretary

555
00:18:29,909 --> 00:18:28,000
general

556
00:18:31,830 --> 00:18:29,919
of the united nations as well as the

557
00:18:32,789 --> 00:18:31,840
public and the international scientific

558
00:18:34,630 --> 00:18:32,799
community

559
00:18:36,630 --> 00:18:34,640
to the greatest extent feasible and

560
00:18:39,190 --> 00:18:36,640
practicable of the nature

561
00:18:41,350 --> 00:18:39,200
conduct location and results of the

562
00:18:44,310 --> 00:18:41,360
encounter with extraterrestrials

563
00:18:46,070 --> 00:18:44,320
she continues quote therefore not only

564
00:18:47,029 --> 00:18:46,080
must all of the nations be made aware of

565
00:18:49,029 --> 00:18:47,039
the aliens

566
00:18:51,029 --> 00:18:49,039
no secret men in black type arrangements

567
00:18:52,630 --> 00:18:51,039
can legally take place either

568
00:18:54,549 --> 00:18:52,640
the discovery of an extraterrestrial

569
00:18:55,510 --> 00:18:54,559
intelligence must be announced to the

570
00:18:57,669 --> 00:18:55,520
world

571
00:18:58,950 --> 00:18:57,679
even if all the states wanted to make it

572
00:19:01,270 --> 00:18:58,960
a government secret

573
00:19:02,630 --> 00:19:01,280
the scientific community also has a

574
00:19:05,270 --> 00:19:02,640
right to be informed

575
00:19:06,390 --> 00:19:05,280
end quote but what about the native

576
00:19:08,390 --> 00:19:06,400
martians

577
00:19:10,390 --> 00:19:08,400
the outer space treaty wouldn't and

578
00:19:12,150 --> 00:19:10,400
couldn't regulate their actions

579
00:19:14,710 --> 00:19:12,160
mars certainly isn't explanatory to that

580
00:19:17,270 --> 00:19:14,720
treaty a new situation like this

581
00:19:19,110 --> 00:19:17,280
would raise many legal questions did the

582
00:19:21,510 --> 00:19:19,120
martians act in accordance with their

583
00:19:23,669 --> 00:19:21,520
own laws in claiming the colony

584
00:19:25,350 --> 00:19:23,679
what redress could the martians seek

585
00:19:27,510 --> 00:19:25,360
could they sue in their courts

586
00:19:29,750 --> 00:19:27,520
what remedy could the u.s companies seek

587
00:19:32,070 --> 00:19:29,760
could it sue in the united states

588
00:19:34,310 --> 00:19:32,080
how do you sue an extraterrestrial and

589
00:19:36,390 --> 00:19:34,320
sure the us military could intervene and

590
00:19:38,070 --> 00:19:36,400
retake the colony by force

591
00:19:39,590 --> 00:19:38,080
if they had the technological means to

592
00:19:41,190 --> 00:19:39,600
do so but

593
00:19:44,390 --> 00:19:41,200
this course of action would likely

594
00:19:46,230 --> 00:19:44,400
instigate an interplanetary conflict

595
00:19:48,390 --> 00:19:46,240
ideally the colonists would begin a

596
00:19:50,710 --> 00:19:48,400
dialogue with the martian civilization

597
00:19:52,390 --> 00:19:50,720
which could progress into a formation of

598
00:19:54,789 --> 00:19:52,400
an interplanetary treaty

599
00:19:55,750 --> 00:19:54,799
and the birth of interplanetary space

600
00:19:58,230 --> 00:19:55,760
law

601
00:20:00,549 --> 00:19:58,240
after all the outer space treaty states

602
00:20:07,720 --> 00:20:00,559
that astronauts are regarded as

603
00:20:10,950 --> 00:20:07,730
envoys of mankind in outer space

604
00:20:12,549 --> 00:20:10,960
[Music]

605
00:20:14,470 --> 00:20:12,559
well citizens that's gonna do it for

606
00:20:16,149 --> 00:20:14,480
this episode you can find more episodes

607
00:20:16,870 --> 00:20:16,159
of unknown on all the major podcast

608
00:20:18,310 --> 00:20:16,880
platforms

609
00:20:20,710 --> 00:20:18,320
and you can always find this show and

610
00:20:22,070 --> 00:20:20,720
our other shows at rogueplanet.tv

611
00:20:24,630 --> 00:20:22,080
because unknown is a rogue planet

612
00:20:26,870 --> 00:20:24,640
production replenished tv is your home

613
00:20:28,149 --> 00:20:26,880
for all the strange feel free to reach

614
00:20:28,870 --> 00:20:28,159
out to us if you've got a story you want

615
00:20:30,310 --> 00:20:28,880
to share

616
00:20:32,149 --> 00:20:30,320
if there's a story or topic you'd like

617
00:20:33,029 --> 00:20:32,159
us to cover on this show or anything

618
00:20:34,710 --> 00:20:33,039
else

619
00:20:36,669 --> 00:20:34,720
you can find us on social media or

620
00:20:39,110 --> 00:20:36,679
simply email us at contact

621
00:20:39,750 --> 00:20:39,120
rogueplanet.tv thanks again for hanging

622
00:20:41,750 --> 00:20:39,760
out today

623
00:20:43,510 --> 00:20:41,760
i'm jason mcclellan do us a favor

624
00:20:44,950 --> 00:20:43,520
friends always treat the ufo subject

625
00:20:46,630 --> 00:20:44,960
with the cautious and responsible

626
00:20:49,029 --> 00:20:46,640
skepticism it deserves

627
00:20:49,909 --> 00:20:49,039
question everything have the courage to

628
00:20:52,630 --> 00:20:49,919
form your own

629
00:20:53,110 --> 00:20:52,640
opinions keep truth as the focus of your

630
00:20:54,950 --> 00:20:53,120
quest

631
00:20:56,310 --> 00:20:54,960
even if the truth conflicts with your